Kidney stone disease remains a significant health problem in the adult population. The average lifetime prevalence of kidney stone may be about 12% population. Approximately 13% of men and 7% of women will be diagnosed with a kidney stone. Certainly kidney stone disease is a common child affliction.
Kidney stones form in response to genetic, environmental, metabolis risk factors.
The aim of this paper is to review some aspects of the formation of kidney stones, risk factors, management of crystalluria, some salts concentration values in urine.
Citrate plays several important roles in the mechanism of urine stone formation. Citrate excretion seems to be an important risk factor for renal stone disease. Citrate binds to calcium ions in the urine, reducing calcium ion activity, which results in lowering the urinary supersaturation of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate. Therefore, citrate has a direct inhibitory effect on the crystallization and precipitation of calcium salts. Urinary citrate is considered an important inhibitor of the crystallization of stone-forming calcium salts. Acid-base status plays the most significant role in citrate excretion.
Hypocitraturia usually defined as less than 320 mg citrate excreted per 24-hour urine collection. As known, for adult patients the excretion of citrate in the urine is 1.6—4.0 mmol per 24-hour urine collection and for children patients hypocitraturia usually defined when ci i trate excreted <1.6 mmol/per 24-hour urine collection.
Citric acid (citrate) is a week acid that formed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or that may be introduced with diet. Citric acid is found in citrus fruits, most concentrated in lemons and others.
