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Summary
Introduction. The population of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is rapidly growing. Due to the lack of kidney donors and low penetration of peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis (HD) remains the most common treatment option. The formation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is considered as a priority vascular access for HD patients in clinical practice. However, many complications are associated with this access, also including high-output heart failure which increase death rate and provoke challenges to doctors.
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